Buddhism in China,Japan and Korea

Please read the original here:

http://www.hinduism.co.za/buddhism1.htm

Keywords:
Religion, Buddhism

Buddhism in China,Japan and Korea

By Swami Abhedananda, Sri Ramakrishna Vedanta Math
Calcutta, India.

In 522 AD Buddhism was introduced in Japan by a Chinese Buddhist, Shiba-Tatsu by name, who lived in Japan as a naturalised Japanese subject. He built a small temple of Buddha at Saktahara in Yamato. But at this time Buddhist doctrines did not become popular among the Japanese. It is well known to the historians that in 65 AD China sent a mission to India to bring some relics of Buddha and some copies of the Buddhist scriptures. The mission returned to China after two years in 67 AD. Within three centuries after this, Buddhism was well established in Korea. The king of Hakusai, in Korea sent a golden image of Buddha and some of the sacred scriptures to the Mikado of Japan in 522 AD. In the following year the Mikado had an image of Buddha carved out of a log of camphor-wood tree that was found ashore near the capital and had it set up in his palace. In 554 AD nine Buddhist monks came from Korea to take the place of the seven who were sent before by the King of Hakusai. They belonged to Jo-Jitsu and Sanron sects, which are now not recognised in Japan.

During the reign of the Mikado Bidatsu Tenno, the king of Hakusai, sent to Japan in 576 AD a number of sacred books and more monks and nuns, the teachers belonging to Ritsu and Zen sects among the Buddhists, together with an exorcising monk, and architect and an image-maker. In 584 AD two Japanese brought from Korea the images of Shaka (Sakyamuni) and Miroka (Maitreya-Bodhisattwa). The owner of these as well as some of the relics of Buddha’s body named Sogono-Iname, the son of Umako, built the first pagoda in Japan and had them enshrined.

Within a short time after this there broke out a pestilence, which caused Buddhism to be suppressed for a while. But Umako received special permission from the Mikado to practise privately the sacred rites of this new faith. The next Mikado was cured of his dangerous illness by the Buddhist priests, and for this reason he favoured the spread of Buddhism in Japan.

In the reign of this Mikado great many monks were invited over from Korea to spread the teachings of Buddha. Some of the most celebrated Buddhist temples were built in Japan during this period, such as Tennoji at Ozaka, Udzumasa near the modern Kioto, Asuka-dera, Darumaji, Tayema-dera, Kume-dera, and Tachibanadera in Yamato. Probably (Hinayana) Sho-jo doctrines were preached by three Korean monks.

In 623 AD the Chinese monks came for the first time to Japan. The number of temples and monasteries began to increase steadily. In 625 AD Buddhism was taught publicly in Japan. The Mikado Kotoku Tenno was a staunch follower of Buddhism. During his reign (645-654 AD) a Japanese monk named Do-sho was sent to China to study under Yuan-chuang (Hiuen Thsang), the great pilgrim who spent many years in India. He is called Gen-jo Sanzo by the Japanese. But Yuan-chuang referred him to the monk Eman of the Zen sect from whom Do-sho received instruction on the practice of meditation. In 658 AD two other Japanese monks were sent to China to study under this celebrated pilgrim.

The Mikado Temmu Tenno reigned between 673 and 686 AD. He endowed the monasteries with lands and made them independent of all government control. He built the temple Yukushi-ji near Nara and ordered by edicts that every house in Japan should have a Buddhist shrine and some sacred scriptures of Buddhism. Cremation was first practised in Japan in 700 AD. In 710 AD was built at Nara the great monastery of Kobuku-ji.

The Mikado Sho-mu Tenno decreed in 737 AD, after an epidemic of small-pox which almost depopulated the country, that a large monastery should be established in each province. The seven-storied pagodas each were also built by him in each province. He further gave the order to copy more of the Buddhist scriptures. It was he who founded the great temple at Nara which holds the colossal statue of Dai-nichi Nio-rai.

In 737 AD an Indian monk named Baramon (Brahmin) Sojo visited Japan landing at the port of Ozaka where he was met by the celebrated priest Gio-gi Bosatsu (Bidhisattwa). This title was conferred on the priest (Gio-gi) by Sho-mu Tenno. Later on, this title of Bosatsu was abused by the noble men of Japan, and that abuse was stopped by the edict of the Mikado Iyeyasu in the beginning of the 17th Century.

In 754 AD a Chinese monk named Chieu-Chen (Kan-shin in Japanese) visited Japan and introduced the doctrines of Ritsu sect. It was through his influence the Mikado Sho-mu Tenno renounced his throne and joined the monastic order. His daughter Ko-Ken Tenno became a nun. Following the example of the Mikado four hundred persons of high rank renounced the world and became monks. His example was also followed by other ruling Mikados who succeeded him.

In 767 AD the temple at Nikko was founded by the monk Sho-do. In 805 AD the doctrines of the Tendai sect were introduced from China by the monk Den-gio Dai-shi, the first Abbot of Hei-Yei-Zan. In 806 AD Kobo Dai-shi returned from China and promulgated the teachings of Yogachara school and founded the sect called Shin-gon. His teacher was the Chinese Kei-Kwa (Hui-Kuo). Three centuries later Rio-nin founded the sect Yu-dzu Nembutsu. In the end of the 12th century the Jo-do sect was established by Ho-nen Sho-nin. There are many sub-sects of the eight principal sects among the Buddhists of Japan. The following table shows these eight with the number of temples or monasteries belonging to each:

Temples and monasteries
Tendai ( 3 sub-sections) 5088
Shin-gou ( 2 sub-sections) 13,358
Jo-do ( 3 sub-sections) 8,478
Rinzai ( 9 sub-sections) 7,081
Zen So-to ( 9 sub-sections) 14,021
O-baku Shin (10 sub-sections) 18,783
Nichi-ren ( 7 sub-sections) 5,085
Ji 501
Yu-dzu Nem-butsu 347

The three sub-sects of Teu-dai Shiu are:

Euriaku-ji. The principal deity of this sub-sect is Yakushi Nio-rai (Bhaishajyaguru) with whom are associated two Bodhisattvas (Bo-Satsu) Nikko and Gwakko; Bouten (Brahma); Tai-Shaku (Indra) the Shi-Tenno (four kings of the Devas or gods); and the Jiu-ni-Jin-sho (twelve divine leaders). All of these are placed on the altar.

The Midera sub-sect worship Mi-roku Bo-satu (Maitreya Bodhisattva).

The Shin-Sei sub-sect worship Amida Nio-rai (Amitabha Tathagata) as their principal deity.

The Ten-dai sect is named after the mountain Tientai Shan in China, where the founder of this sect Chi-sha Dai-shi. A Chinese monk first taught his doctrines.

The sacred book of this sect is Ho-ke-kio (Saddharma-Prajnaparamita-Sutra-Sastra) called Chi-ron and supplemented by Ne-han-gio (Mahaparinirvana-Sutra). In the Chi-ron is given the law of meditation by which the aspirant is enabled to recognise the Buddha under all forms he has assumed in order to save mankind. According to this sect the principal means for attaining spiritual insight is meditation and the practice of asceticism (Kwam-mon) which is confined to monks.

The central doctrine of this sect is that Nirvana means the ultimate result of existence. It is a state in which the individual remains unaffected by anything external, and consequently, is devoid of feeling, thought or passion. This absolute unconditioned existence is called Mu-I (Asamskrita). It is the annihilation of conditions and not of the substance of the individual. To the uninitiated it will be regarded as the absolute non-existence.

This sect reverences Shaka (Sakyamuni), Monju (Manjusri), Fugen (Samantabhadra), Fu-do (Achala), Kwan-non (Avalokiteswara) under his different forms such as the eleven faced, the horse headed, the thousand-handed, the Holy, Dainichi (Vairochana), Ashuku (Akshobhya), Ho-sho (Ratnasambhava). The Ten-dai sect formerly worshipped numerous Shinto gods, such as Sanno, Tenjin Sama, Inari, Shimmei, Otori, Hachiman and Godzu Tenno. These were explained as the Avataras (incarnations) of the Buddhist deities. For instance, Inari was Kwan-non (Avalokiteswara).

After the revolution of 1868 AD Buddhism in Japan was separated from Shintoism, which from that year was made the state religion of Japan. Shin-gon-shiu sect derives its name from the Chinese word for Mantra in Sanskrit. It is identical with Yogachara school which was founded by Riu-ju (Nagarjuna) or Riu-mio. He is said also to have taught the doctrine of Dai-nichi (Vairochana). The doctrines of this sect are based on the three Sutras: the Dai-nichi Kio (Mahavairochana-bisambodhi-Sutra), the So-shit-Chi-kio (Susiddhi-karama-Mahatantra-sadhanopasika-Patra) and the Kon-go (Vajrachakra-Sutra). This sect observes mystic rites with signs (mudra), Shin-mitsu, go-mitsu (dharana) and I-mitsu (dhyana). This and Ten-dai sect teach the practice of fasting for purification. Vairochana was the founder of this school. He transmitted the doctrines to Kon-go (Vajrasattva) who was succeeded by Riu-mio (Nagarjuna). Kobo-Dai shi introduced this sect into Japan.

According to the teaching of this sect every human being possesses within himself the six elements of the spiritual body (dharmakaya) but is unconscious of them until Dai-nichi enters into his heart and enables him to recognise the truth. Through the practice of the above mentioned mystic rites under the guidance of Ajari one may gain perfect knowledge. The deities of this sect are within the soul. They are states of the mind. Dai-Nichi (Vairochana) is explained to be the sum total of all sentient beings.

Zen Shiu is the contemplative school in China. It was founded by the Indian Dharma who came to China in 527 AD and died there about eight years later. He was the first of the Chinese Patriarchs. The principal teachings of this sect are that truth cannot be expressed by the words of the mouth, that it is only by introspection that the meaning of Buddha can be learnt. It is unnecessary to worship him or to study the sacred scriptures, still it allows the study of Dai-hannia-Kio simply as a means of educating the intellect. Its creed is: "Look within and there you will find the Buddha". In most of the temples of this sect Shaka (Shakya) is placed upon the altar between Kasho (Kashlyapa) and Anan (Ananda). The Trinity of this sect is Shaka, Miroku (Maitreya) and Amida (Amitabha). In Japan this sect has two branches Rin-zai and So-to named after two Chinese monks of the 9th century. The Ohaku sub-sect was founded in Japan by In-gen, the Chinese monk.

Jo-do Shin sect was founded by the Indian monk Me-mio (Asvaghosha). It was introduced in China by Bodairushi (Bodhiruchi) who translated Vasubandhu's Shastra and other Upadesha into Chinese. The Tendai sect teaches that the study of the whole canon and the practice of asceticism and meditation are the means of attaining salvation. But this sect believes in the teaching of Riu-ju (Nagarjuna) who taught that it is impossible to attain salvation by individual efforts in this age of the decay of religion, and substituted for this difficult path to Nirvana the simple faith in the all-saving power of Amida (Amitabha). This relying upon the strength of another is called Ta-riki. Their Mantra is "Ta-riki chin no ji-riki" (self-effort depending on the effort of another). Jo-do means (Sukhavati) where all mankind will eventually go before attaining to perfect Buddhaship.

In the temple of this sect Amida is chiefly worshipped. Sometimes the Shinto deities Inar and Benteu are worshipped. Chion-In at Kioto and Zo-jo-ji at Tokio are the principal seats of the two chief divisions of this sect. Nichi-reu-shiu is purely a Japanese sect. The principal belief of this sect is that all living creatures, plants and even this earth will eventually attain to Buddhahood. But man must work out his own salvation by practising according to the teachings of Buddha and by constant prayer and not by the grace of Amitabha as taught by Jo-do and Shin sects. There are two forms of teachings of this sect; the one symbolic for the lay people, the other the pure truth for the advanced students. This sect worships Shakya and believes that 3000 years after the year of the birth of Shakya there will come Miroku (Maitreya) who will convert all those who have not yet attained to Buddhahood. The lotus is the emblem of Shaka. Niche-reu was the founder of this sect.

Shin-shin sect has much similarity with the Jo-do sect in their worship of Amida (Amitabha) and in the use of the Sukhavativyuha-Sutra (smaller) as the basis of its doctrine. It differs from the Jo-do sect on the most important point of the doctrine. Jo-do teaches that salvation can be gained by simply repeating the invocation to Amida, while this sect teaches that salvation is to be attained by faith in the power and willingness of Amida to save mankind, and that the invocation is to be used like an act of thanks-giving. Through faith alone one is taken after death under Amida’s protection. While Jo-do sect believes Amida will come to meet the soul after death and take it to paradise.

This sect is called the Protestantism of Japan, as the priests are allowed to marry. It is popularly known in Japan as the sect of Nishi Hon-gwani at Kioto. This sect has the richest temples and does the missionary work in China and Korea and maintain a high standard of education among the neophytes. This sect believes that salvation or Nirvana means happiness and is the state of Buddha. It teaches the doctrine of "Help from Amida".

===================================

with a few more LINKS on the page.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

BACK TO
Uwe's Archive Pages

Source material: sourcebook

Please read the original here:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/eastasiasbook.html

history religion


Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Medieval Sourcebook Modern History SourcebookOther History Sourcebooks: African Indian Islamic Jewish LGBT Women's Global Science
Internet East Asian HistorySourcebook
There is no way of avoiding the fact that China is the central culture of Eastern Asia. Massively larger than any of her neighbors, China may have developed its cultural forms in relative isolation, but since the advent of Buddhism has both absorbed outside influences and disseminated its own culture. Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cultures are not comprehensible without taking into account power of Chinese culture in art, literature and religion.
Chinese culture itself is highly complex, and the other East Asian cultures also reflect local circumstances and traditions. For instance the (later) Chinese ideal of a scholar-gentleman contrasts strongly with Japanese warrior ideals. It is not going to far to suggest that the very different responses of the various East Asian to the Western intrusion of the past two centuries reflect the variety of previous historical developments.
See my Brooklyn College: Chinese Cultural Studies class page.

***
This page is a subset of texts derived from the three major online Sourcebooks listed below, along with added texts and web site indicators. For more contextual information, for instance about Western imperialism, or the history of a given period, check out these web sites.
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Internet Modern History Sourcebook

Notes:
In addition to direct links to documents, links are made to a number of other web resources.
2ND
Link to a secondary article, review or discussion on a given topic.
MEGA
Link to one of the megasites which track web resources.
WEB
Link to a website focused on a specific issue.. These are not links to every site on a given topic, but to sites of serious educational value.

since July 14, 1998 LE FastCounter

Contents
Cultural Origins
General
Yellow River Valley Cultures
Japan
Religious Traditions
General
Chinese Traditional Religion
Shinto
Daoism
Confucianism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Imperial China
General
The Zhou
The Qin
The Han
The Sui and Tang
The Sung
The Mongols [Y・n]
The Ming
The Qing
Chinese Technology
Literature
Education in Traditional China
Chinese Views on Other Cultures
Other Cultures Views of China
Traditional Japan
General
Government
Tokugawa Era
Culture
Korea
General
The Western Intrusion
General
European Imperialism
British East Asia
Other Powers
United States Imperialism
Missionary Activity
Japan as a World Power
General
The Forced Opening
The Meiji Resoriation
The Greater East Asia Prosperity Zone
World War II
Use of the Atomic Bomb
China's Disaster: 1840-1949
General
Rejection of the West
Government Efforts to Reform
Religion and Rebellion
Modernization: The May 4th Movement
Nationalism
Early Communism
The Chinese in America
China Since World War II
General
The Liberation
The 1950s
The Cultural Revolution
Chinese Foreign Relations
Hong Kong
Taiwan [Republic of China]
Dissidents
Tiananmen Square, 1989
After Tiananmen
Japan Since World War II
General
Economic Growth
Culture
Korea Since World War II
General
The Korean War
Economic Growth
Culture
Other East Asian Countries
General
The non-Aligned Movement
Addendum: The Vietnam War
Addendum: Asian Pacific Immigrants in the US
East Asian Genders and Sexualities
Women: China
Women: Japan
Homosexuality: General
Further Resources on East Asian History
Maps
Websites

Cultural Origins
General
Yellow River Valley Cultures
Image: Hist. Site: "Peking Man" - early human remains
Image: Hist. Site: Longshan remains
Image: Hist. Site: Yangshao remains
Image: Hist. Site: Xia remains 1
Image: Hist. Site: Xia Remains 2
Image: Art: Shang Oracle Bones 1
Image: Art: Shang Oracle Bones 2
Image: Art: Two Shang Bronze Ritual Vessals
Image: Art: Shang Tomb Guardian
Image: Art: Shang Bronze 1
Image: Art: Shang Bronze 2
Japan
Religious Traditions
General
2ND Stephen F. Teiser, "The Spirits of Chinese Religion", from Donald S. Lopez, Jr , Religions of China in Practice, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)
2ND Chinese Religions
Image: Yin-Yang Symbol
Image: Custom: Picture of New Year's Dragon
Chinese Traditional Religion
Yi Jing [the I Ching]
Yin and Yang in Medical Theory
Yin and Yang [At CCNY]
W. A. P. Martin: The Worship of Ancestors, 1900
Shinto
Ten Shinto Creation Stories [At WSU]
Japanese Creation Myth [At WSU]From Genji Shibukawa: Tales from the Kojiki, 713 CE
Confucianism
WEB Confucius Page [At UKY]
WEB Confucius Page [At Albany]
Selections from the Analects [Lun Yu], - topically arranged selections from the Confucian classic
Confucius (5th Century BCE?): Analects [Lun Yu] [At WSU]
Confucius: The Analects [Lun Yu], selections [At CCNY]
The Analects [Lun Yu], complete
The Analects [Lun Yu], complete, translated by Charles Muller 1995 [At GOL]
The Great Learning [Da Xue Ta-Hs・h] (3rd Century BCE): [At WSU]
The Great Learning [Da Xue Ta-Hs・h] (3rd Century BCE) complete
Great Learning,[Da Xue Ta-Hs・h] (3rd Century BCE), complete, translated by Charles Muller 1995 [At GOL]
The Doctrine of the Mean [Zhong Yong] complete
Doctrine of the Mean [Zhong Yong], complete, translated by Charles Muller 1995 [At GOL]
Mencius Mengzi: Selections from the Mencius
Mencius Mengzi: complete, translated by Charles Muller 1995 [At GOL]
Xunzi Hsun-tzu: Selections from the Xunzi
Classic of Filiality [Xiao Jing]
Legalism
Han Fei tzu (d. 233 BCE): Selections from the Writings of Han Fei. c. 230 BCE
Han Fei Tzu (d. 233 BCE): Legalist Views on Good Government [At WSU]
Han Fei tzu: Legalism [At CCNY]
Sima Qian: The Legalist Polices of the Qin
Examples of Filial Piety (14th Century CE) [At WSU]Image: People: Picture of Confucius
Image: People: Confucius
Image: People: Mengzi
Image: People: Mozi
Image: People: Zhuxi - founder of 'neo-confucianism'
Wang Yang-Ming: The Philosophy, excerpts, c. 1525 CE
Daoism
WEB Daoism Information Page
Laozi Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): Selection from the Dao De Jing
Laozi Lao tzu: Dao De Jing Tao Te Ching, selections [At CCNY]
Laozi Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): Tao Te Ching, excerpts, [At WSU]
Laozi Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): The Dao De Jing Tao Te Ching*, version 1, an Interpolation by Peter A. Merel (pete@extro.su.oz.au) based upon the translations of: Lin Yutang, Ch'u Ta-Kao, Gia-Fu Feng & Jane English, Richard Wilhelm and Aleister Crowley. complete, taken from internet site
Laozi Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): The Dao De Jing Tao Te Ching*, Tao Te Ching, version 2, complete, taken from a version on the internet.
Laozi Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): The Dao De Jing Tao Te Ching*, Tao Te Ching, version 3, complete, taken from a versionby y S. Mitchell.
Lao Tzu (5th Century BCE??): The Dao De Jing Tao Te Ching*, Tao Te Ching, version 5, complete, translated by Charles Muller 1995 [At GOL]
Zhuangzi Chuang tzu: Selected Chapters, translated by Lin Yutang and Lin Yutang's Introduction [At UFL]
Zhuangzi Chuang tzu: Zhuangzi Chuang tzu translated by Thomas Merton [At Avigdor/Indiana]
Zhuangzi Chuang tzu: Story of Three Friends [At UFL]
Zhuangzi Chuang tzu: Selections from the Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi Chuang tzu: Selections [At CCNY]
The Deification of Lao Zi, 666 CE. [At this Site](Inscribed in the Temple at Lao Zi's Birthplace)
The Yin Fu King, or Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and Unseen, c. 800 CE [At this Site]
The Thai-Shang Kan Ying Phien, or Lao Zi's Book of Actions and Their Retribution, c. 1000 CE [At this Site]
Image: People: Laozi
Image: Divinity: Three Daoist Gods
Image: Divinity: The Three Gods of Fortune [San Hsing]
Image: Divinity: The God of Wealth in His Civil Aspect
Image: Divinity: Wen-ch'ang, the Daoist God of Literature
Buddhism
General
2ND Tricycle Magazine Guide to Basics of Buddhism
2ND R.P. Hayes: The Dharma Tree [At Buddhist Reading Room]Explanation of variety of Buddhist groups and traditions.
2ND Buddhist Scriptures [At Buddhism Depot]
WEB Yahoo!: Buddhism
WEB Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library
WEB WWW Virtual Library: Buddhist TextsTexts and Input/Translation Projects.
WEB DharmaNet - Theravada BuddhismMostly Theravada texts in English translation.
WEB Friends of Buddhism Multi-denominational, and directed towards modern devotions.
The Buddha
Prince Siddhartha Encounters Old Age, Sickness and Death ('Digha-nikaya,' XIV ['Mahapadana suttanta']) [At Eliade Page]
Gotama's First Masters [At Eliade Page]
'I am the Holy One in this world, I am the highest teacher. . .' ('Mahavagga,' I, 7-9) [At Eliade Page]
Gotama Buddha Ponders ('Majjhima-.nikaya,' XXVI ['Ariya-pariyesana-sutta']) [At Eliade Page]
Gotama Buddha Remembers His Earlier Existences ('Majjhima-nikaya,' IV ['Bhaya-bherava-sutta]) [At Eliade Page]
Buddha: First Sermon (c. 6th Century BCE) [At Brooklyn College]
Buddha: The Teaching of Buddha, an early sermon on Nirvana [At Brooklyn College]
Buddha: The Four Noble Truths [At CCNY]
Buddha: The Basic Teachings [At CCNY]
The Buddha Enters Nirvana (Ashvagosha, 'Buddhacarita,' XXVI, 83-6, 88-106) [At Eliade Page]
The Tathagata Announces that He has Entered Nirvana ('Saddharmapundarika,' XV, 268-72) [At Eliade Page]
Faxian: Account of the Buddhistic Kingdoms. [At Brooklyn College]
Theravada/Hinayana Texts
The Dhammpada [At Brooklyn College]
The Dhammapada extracts, [At WSU]
The Dhammapada, trans. by John Richards [At Coombs-papers]"An anthology of 423 Buddhist verses embodying ethical and spiritual precepts arranged by subject."
The Dhammapada,Wisdom of the Buddha, translated by Harischandra Kaviratna, Full Text [At Theosophical University Press]
The Dhammapada, trans John Richards [At Buddhist Reading Room] This is a collection of 423 insightful verses from various Buddhist texts, arranged by category.
The Buddha Foretells the Gradual Decline of Religion ('Anagatavamsa') [At Eliade Page]
Gotama Buddha Talks of his Ascetic Practices ('Majjhima-nikaya,'XII ['Maha-sihanada-sutra']) [At Eliade Page]
Gotama Buddha Practiced the most Severe form of Ascetism ('Majjhima-nikaya,' XXXVI ['Maha-saccaka-sutra']) [At Eliade Page]
Sutta Nipata, selections from the Pali text translated by John D. Ireland. [At Buddhist Reading Room]
Sammaditthi Sutta, translated from the Pali by Bhikkhu Nanamoli [At Buddhist Reading Room]
Mahamangala Sutta [At Buddhist Reading Room] side by side with the original Pali text. Known in English as the Discourse of the Supreme Blessings.
The Four Foundations of Mindfulness [At Buddhist Reading Room]Part of the Satipatthana Sutra.
Discourse on the Mindfulness of Breathing [At Buddhist Reading Room]Selections from the Anapanasati Sutra.
Culasunnata Sutta [At Buddhist Reading Room]A lesson on sunyata.
Metta Sutta [At Buddhist Reading Room]Sub-titled "The Buddha's Words on Kindness"
Mahayana Texts
Sunyata
Buddha's Sermon on the No-Self [At Brooklyn College]
The Heart Sutra [At Brooklyn College]
The Heart Sutra: Various Versions [At Coombs-papers]
Mahamangala Sutra (Discourse of the Supreme Blessings) [At Coombs-papers]
WEB KalavinkaContains very long excerpts from Nagarjuna's Treatise on The Great Perfection of Wisdom (Mahaapraj~naapaaramitaa Upadesha), "an immenseexegesis to the Mahaapraj~naapaaramitaa Sutra in 25,000 lines. Classically, it is preserved only in a 100-fascicle Chinese edition translated from Sanskrit in 405c.e. by Kumarajiva, the brilliant and prolific translator-monk who was the premier transmitter to the Chinese of the Maadhyamika teachings of Nagarjuna."
Bodhsicitta
The Bodhisattva's Infinite Compassion ('Shikshasamuccaya,' 280-2 ['Vajradhvaha-sutra']) [At Eliade Page]
Acts and Rewards of Devotion to the Buddha ('Shikshasamuccaya,' 299-301 ['Avalokana-sutra'] [At Eliade Page]
Death
The Buddhist Conception of the Intermediate State ('Saddharma-smrityupasthana Sutra,' from chapter XXXIV, via Chinese version) [At Eliade Page]
Tibetan Book of the Dead: Death and Intermediate States [At Eliade Page]
Maitreya
The Prophecy Concerning Maitreya, the Future Buddha ('Maitreyavyakarana') [At Eliade Page]
Pure Land/Amidism
Sutra of the Buddha's Teaching On Amitabha [At drab.org]
The Larger Sukhavativyuha Sutra or The Sutra on the Buddha of Eternal Life [At St. Clair]
Tibetan Buddhism
Milerepa Extols His 'Five Comforts' [At Eliade Page]
P鑽e Gerbillon: A Visit to a Lama, c. 1690
Chinese/Japanese Buddhist Texts
The Sutra of Forty-Two Chapters [At the Refuge Library]The first Buddhist text taken to China, c. 67 CE.
Pure Land
The Sutra on Amida Buddha, [At ODN.ne.jp]Ddelivered by Shakyamuni Buddha, translated by Hisao Inagaki from (1) From Kumarajiva's Chinese translation and (2) from Huan-tsang's Chinese translation.
Extract from the Lotus Sutra: The Nature of the Buddha [At Brooklyn College]
Extract from the Lotus Sutra: On Faith [At Brooklyn College]
K瑢ai's Initiation in the Esoteric Buddhism ('Kobo Daishi Zenshu,' I, 98 ff.) [At Eliade Page]
2ND Kuya, 'the Saint of the Streets' [At Eliade Page]
Honen and the Invocation of Amida [At Eliade Page]
Shinran: 'The Nembutsu Alone is True' ('Tannisho,' selections) [At Eliade Page]
Nicheren
Nichiren Sees Japan as the Centre of Buddhism's Regeneration [At Eliade Page]
Nicheren: Adoration to the Lotus of Perfect Truth [At Eliade Page]
Nicheren Proclaims Himself the 'Bodhisattva of Supreme Action' [At Eliade Page]
Nicheren's Transfiguration [At Eliade Page]
Chan/Zen
Realizing the Solution (Hashida, Shobo genzo shakui, 1, 142-64), [At Eliade Page]
Sitting and the Koan ( Shobo genzo zuimonki) [At Eliade Page]
The Importance of Sitting (Shobo getnzo zuimonki) [At Eliade Page]
Contempt for Scriptures ( Shuso to shite no Dogen Zenji), [At Eliade Page]
Modern Renditions
The Gospel of Buddha [At Brooklyn College]
The Word of Buddha [At Brooklyn College]
Images
General Buddhist
Image: Divinity: Relic of Shakyamuni Buddha's Finger at Famin
Image: Divinity: The Ten Most Important Mudras
Indian Art
Image: Divinity: Buddha from Gupta Period [India]
Image: Divinity: Indian Statute of Maitriya
Tibetan
Image: Divinity: Tibetan Wood block Print of of Maitriya
Chinese Art
Image: Divinity: Large Cult Statute of Buddha at Dongzhang
Image: Divinity: Buddha from Wei
Image: Divinity: Buddha from Tang Dynasty
Image: Divinity: Tang Buddha 2
Image: Divinity: Teaching Buddha from Cave of a Thousand Buddhas
Image: Divinity: Maitreya as Pu-tai, the laughing Buddha
Image: Divinity: Picture of Kuan Yin Tang Period
Image: Divinity: Picture of Kuan Yin 12th C.
Image: Divinity: Picture of Kuan Yin 13th C
Image: Divinity: Picture of Kuan Yin 17th C
Image: Divinity: Kuan-yin sitting in Royal Ease 12th C
Image: Divinity: Kuan Yin 7
Image: Divinity: Kuan Yin 8
Image: Divinity: Kuan Yin 9
Image: Divinity: Bodhidharma, founder of Ch'an Buddhism
Image: Divinity: Chan Buddhist Hui-neng tears up the sutras
Image: Divinity: A modern Buddhist Temple at Famin
South East Asian Art
Image: Buddha from Thailand (touching ground)
Image: Divinity: Cambodian Avalokiteshvara sitting in Royal Ease 11th C
Japanese Art
Image: Image: Monk doing Zazen
Unsure [!]
Image: Buddha with earth-touching mudra (bhumisparsha mudra)
Image: Divinity: Baby Buddha Taking a Bath
Image: Buddha with earth-touching mudra (bhumisparsha mudra)
Image: Divinity: Maitreya 3
Image: A Bodhisattva [At CCNY]
WEB Images of the Buddha [At CCNY]
Judaism
texts?
Christianity
Ch'ing-Tsing: Nestorian Tablet: Eulogizing the Propagation of the Illustrious Religion in China, with a Preface, composed by a priest of the Syriac Church, 781 A.D. [At this Site]
Islam
texts?
Imperial China
General
Mandate of Heaven [At CCNY]
2ND Chinese Dynastic History
2ND China - Basic Facts
2ND Chinese Ethnography
Image: The Yangzi River
Map: China - Linguistic Regions Map
2ND Chinese Language and Pronunciation
2ND Chinese Language and Writing
2ND Pinyin/Wade-Giles Equivalencies
2ND Chinese Logographic Writing
Chronology
The Zhou
Sima Qian: Extracts from Records of the Grand Historian, two biographies.
Sunzi Sun Tzu: The Art of War [Other versions: The Art of War. and The Art of War]
Suntzu: The Art of War, long selections [At CCNY]
Image: People: Sunzi Sun tzu, author of the Art of War
Image: People: The Duke of Zhou
The Qin
Sima Qian: The Legalist Polices of the Qin
Image: People: Portrait of First Emperor
Image: People: Another Portrait of First Emperor
Image: People: Emperor Huangdi
Image: Hist. Site: Archeological Excavations at Qin Site
Image: Hist. Site: Tomb of First Emperor at Xian, Lines of Soldier Statues
Image: Hist. Site: Tomb of First Emperor at Xian, Soldier Statue close up
Image: Art: Qin Bronze 1
Image: Hist. Site: The Great Wall 1
Image: Hist. Site: The Great Wall 2
Image: Hist. Site: The Great Wall 3
The Han
Image: Map: China under Han dynasty
Image: People: Founder of Han Dynasty
Image: Art: Han Dynasty Jar
Text: Selection of Chinese Poems
Chinese Food - Two Texts
The Sui and Tang
Map: China in the 6th Century CE
Image: People: Founder of Sui Dynasty
Image: People: Founder of Tang Dynasty
Image: People: Second Emperor of Tang Dynasty
Map: Changan under the Tang dynasty
Image: People: The Empress Wu
Image: Art: Tang Camel
Image: Art: Tang Lady 1
Image: Art: Tang Lady 2
Image: Art: Tang Horse
Image: Art: Tang Vase 1
The Sung
Image: Hist. Site.: The Grand Canal in the 19th Century CE
Image: People: Founder of Song Dynasty
Image: Map: China under the Northern Song Dynasty
Image: Map: China under Northern Song Dynasty
Image: Map: China Under Southern Song Dynasty
Image: Art: River in Autumn color
Image: Art: Song Poet
Image: Art: Song Vase 1
Image: Song Painting: Poetry Contest at Orchard Pavilion
Image: Song Painting: Bird on Silk by Emperor Hui-tsang 1101-25 CE
The Mongols [Y・n]
Map: The Mongol Empire
Bar Sauma (c. 1278-1313): The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe and Markos who as Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestorian Church. Translated by E.A. Wallis Budge, London: The Religious Track Society, 1928. [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]
Image: People: Genghis Khan
Image: People:: Kublai Khan
Image: People: Kublai Khan 2
Image: Hist Illus.: Mongol Archers
Image: People: Marco Polo
Image: Art: Statuette of Actor under Yuan Dynasty
The Ming
Chu Yuan-Chang: Manifesto of Accession as First Ming Emperor, 1372 C.E.Sent to the Byzantine Emperor.
Map: China - Under Ming Dynasty
Image: People: Founder of Ming Dynasty
Image: Divinity: A Ming Dynasty Temple
Image: Hist. Illus.: The Ming Tribute System
Image: Art: Ming Dynasty Vase
Image: Art: Ming Vase 2
Image: Art: Mountain Landscape
Image: People: The Jesuit Missionary, Matthew Ricci
Image: Hist. Site: Peking - Hall of Harmony
Image: Hist. Site: Peking - Dragon Throne
Image: Hist. Site: Peking - Walls
Image: Hist. Site: Kaifeng
The Qing
K'ang-Hsi: The Sacred Edicts [At WSU]
Hung Hsiu-Ch'uan: A Visit in Heaven [At WSU]Li Ju-chen: The Land of the Great [At WSU]
Image: People: The Emperor Kangxi
Image: Image: Qing dynasty 18th Century Vase
Image: Technology: A Ming Dynasty Wheelbarrow
Chinese Technology
Matteo Ricci: The Art of Printing
Image: Technology: Early Chinese Star Mapping
Image: Technology: Use of the Plow in China
Image: Technology: Making of Silk
Image: Technology: Chinese Use of Paper
Image: Technology: Early Paper Money
Image: Technology: Tang Dynasty Coin
Image: Technology: The earliest printed book - 868 CE
Image: Technology: Use of Tea
Image: Technology: Use of Crossbow
Image: Technology: Chinese Canon from 1368
Image: People: Zhang he
Image: People: Zhang he 2
Image: People: Zhang he 3
Literature
Chinese Poetry: Tu Fu, Li Po, Po Chu-i, Fu Hsuan, Mei Yao Ch'en, Su Tung-p'o [At WSU]
Li Po (701 762 CE): Drinking Alone by Moonlight [At WSU]
Old Poem, on warfare [At WSU]
Liu Hs・'s wife (3rd C. CE): The Curtain of the Wedding Bed [At WSU]
The Han Koong Tsu, or Autumn of the Palace of Han Full text of a play about the threat of the Mongols (Tartars) to the Chinese empire, and the use of a marriage strategy to avoid conflict. [At this Site]
Shih-fu Wang (fl. 1295-1307): Romance of the Western Chamber, excerpts, [At CCNY]
The Dream of the Red Chamber. synoposis, [At WSU]
P'u Sung-ling: Painting on the Wall [At WSU]
Li Ju-chen (1763-1830): The Land of the Great, 1828 [At WSU]
Education in Traditional China
Ban Zhao Pan Chao: Lessons for A Woman: The Views of A Female Confucian, c. 80 CE
P鑽e du Halde: The Chinese Educational System, c. 1575 CEA report by a Western observer, with examples of Chinese Civil Service examination question.
Yan Phou Lee: When I Went to School in China, 1880A late Confucian education.
Emperor Kuang Hsu: Abolition of the Examination System, 1898
Chinese Views on Other Cultures
Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium, and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E
Faxian: Account of the Buddhistic Kingdoms. [At Brooklyn College]
The Hai-lu, a Chinese traveler's account of the West in the 18th century [At Brooklyn College]
Other Cultures Views of China
Robert Bedrosian: China and the Chinese according to 5-13th Century Classical Armenian Sources, with extended excerpts. [At Virtualscape]
John of Monte Corvino: Letter to the Minister General of the Friars Minor in Rome, c. 1280
John of Monte Corvino: Report on China, 1305.
Marco Polo (1254-1324): On the Tartars [i.e. the Mongols]
Marco Polo (1254-1324): Description of Kinsay [Hangchow].
Will Adams: My Coming to Japan, 1611
Hsu Kuang-chi: Memorial to Fra Matteo Ricci, 1617
P鑽e du Halde: Teaching Science to the Manchu Emperor, c. 1680
P鑽e du Halde: The Manchu Emperor and Chinese Music, c. 1680
P鑽e du Halde: Chinese Punishments, c. 1680
P鑽e Gerbillon: A Visit to a Lama, c. 1690
Traditional Japan
General
Ten Shinto Creation Stories [At WSU]
Government
Jimmu Tenno [At WSU]The story of the first emperor.
Nintoku Tenno: "The Wealth of the Emperor" from the Nihongi [At WSU]
Birth and Upbringiung of Prince Shotoku [At WSU]
Prince Shotoku: The Seventeen Article Constitution from the Nihongi, 604 CE [At WSU]
Ancient Japanese Constitution [At CCNY]
Emperor Kotoku: Taika Reform Edicts, 645 CE [At WSU]By which Japan was centralized as one country.
Tokugawa Era
Tokugawa Iemitsu: Closed Country Edict 1635 [At CCNY]
Honda Toshiaki: A Secret Plan for Government, excerpts, 1798
Tsuentomo Yamamoto: The Way of the Samauri [At CCNY]
Literature
Japanese Poetry: from the Manyoshu and other early collections [At WSU]
Anonymous: In the Autumn Fields
Mibu no Tadamine: On Kasuga plain
Ono no Komachi: The hue of the cherry
Sugawara Michizane: The autumn breeze rises
Ki no Tsurayuki: The night approaches
Prince Otsu: Poem sent by Prince Otsu to Lady Ishikawa
Lady Ishikawa: Poem by Lady Ishikawa in response
Noh Plays, translated by Arthur Waley, 1922 [At UVA]
Seami: Kagekiyo,
Kwanami Kiyotsugu: Sotoba Komachi
Seami (attrib.): Aya No Tsuzumi (The Damask Drum)
Seami: Hagoromo
Seami: Tsunemasa
Zenchiku Ujinobu (1414-1499?)(attrib.): Aoi No Uye (Princess Hollyhock)
Zenchiku Ujinobu (1414-1499?)Kumasaka
Culture
Kokin Wakashu [At Virginia]An anthology of 1,111 Japanese poems (in the most widely circulated editions) compiled and edited early in the 10th century CE.
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu, or, 100 Poems by 100 Poets, [At Virginia]
Sarashina: The Diary of Lady Sarashina, 1009-1059 CE [At Hanover College]
Kaibara Ekken or Kaibara Token: Greater Learning for Women, 1762 [At WSU]
Diaries of the Court Lades of Old Japan, trans. Annie Sheply Omori and Kochi Doi, full text, [At CMU]
Korea
General
WEB Ancient Korean History [At Berkley]
The Western Intrusion
General
Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497-1498 CE
Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522 CE
Map: China's Problems in the Late 19th Century
Map: Lost Chinese Territory
Image: Opium Smokers
European Imperialism
Thomas Mun (1571-1641): England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, pub 1664, extracts, [At Northpark] and extracts [At Hanover]
Adam Smith: From The Wealth of Nations, 1776: Of Colonies, and The Cost of Empire [At The American Revolution Site]
Trade Products in Early Modern History [At UMN]
The South Sea Bubble [Modern Report][At History Place]
Analyses
John A. Hobson (1858-1940): Imperialism, 1902, excerpts
John A. Hobson (1858-1940): The Economic Bases of Imperialism [At LSMSA]
Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Imperialism and the Split in Socialism, 1916 [At Marx.Org][Full Text]
Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism, 1916 [At blythe.org][Full Text]
Joseph A. Schumpeter: The Sociology of Imperialism, 1918
Extent of European Colonialism in Statistical Terms [At Mt. Holyoke]
British East Asia
WEB The East India Trade [At Copenhagen]
2ND East India Company History [At East India Company Page]The company still exists, and its homepage presents its history.
2ND Ellen N. La Motte: The Opium Monopoly, 1920 [At Drug Library]
C. G. Rawlings: The March to Lhasa, July 1904 [At Hillsdale]
Image: Hist. Illus.: Chinese View of an 18th Century English Sailor
Other European Powers in East Asia
Prince Ukhtomskii: Russia's Imperial Destiny, 1891 [At this Site]Asia as the central focus.
Jules Ferry (1832-1893): On French Colonial Expansion, 1884 Concerned especially with France's move into Indo-China.
Kaiser Wilhelm II: German Interests in China, 1900 [At HNet]
Pierre Loti: When the Allies Entered Peking, 1900 In response to the Boxer Rebellion
United States Imperialism
John Hay to Andrew D. White, First Open Door note on China, Department of State, Washington, September 6, 1899 [At LSU]
Image: Anti-Chinese Cartoon from 1877 bw
WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy 1898-1914, [At Mt. Holyoke]
Josiah Strong: On Anglo-Saxon Predominance, 1891 [At Mt. Holyoke]
Albert Beveridge (1862-1927): The March of the Flag, September 16, 1898
The Atlantic: The Break-up of China, and Our Interest in It, The Atlantic Monthly, August, 1899 [At The Atlantic]
John W. Foster: The Chinese Boycot, The Atlantic Monthly, January 1906 [At The Atlantic]Criticizes America's discrimination against Chinese immigrants in America as racist. This behavior incited a Chinese boycott of American trade.
Rudyard Kipling: The White Man's Burden, 1899
James Henry Breasted: The Conquest of Civilization (selections), 1926 [At WHA]
WEB Anti-Imperialism in the United States 1898-1935 [At Rochester] A very impressive collection of texts and essays. Rather excessive emphasis on the creator's ownership of the material (without alerting readers that all pre-1923 published material is in the US public domain).
Jim Zwick: The White Man's Burden and Its Critics [At Rochester] A really excellent guide to responses at the time.
Missionaries
John of Monte Corvino: Letter to the Minister General of the Friars Minor in Rome, c. 1280
John of Monte Corvino: Report on China, 1305.
St. Francis Xavier: Letter on the Missions, to St. Ignatius de Loyola, 1549
St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus at Goa, 1551
St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus in Europe, 1552
Hsu Kuang-chi: Memorial to Fra Matteo Ricci, 1617
Mendez Pinto: The Woman with the Cross, c. 1630A Chinese Christian woman.
Documents on the Chinese Rites Controversy, 1692, 1715, 1721, excerptsHow the Catholic Church "lost" China.
WEB Chinese Province of the Society of Jesus
Japan as a World Power
General
WEB Guide to Japan: History. [At Japan Guide]
The Forced Opening
Commodore Matthew Perry: When We Landed in Japan, 1854
Townsend Harris: The President's Letter Harris was the first US ambassador to Japan.
Francis Ottiwell Adams: The Schools of Japan Description from the mid 19th century
The Meiji Restoration
WEB Meiji Japan [At Sage.Edu]
WEB The Meiji Project [At Haverford]
Japan: Constitution, 1889 [At Hanover College]
Lt. Tadayoshi Sakurai: The Attack upon Port Arthur, 1905 The Japanese quickly adopted Western Imperialism.
Theodore Roosevelt: The Threat of Japan, 1909 [At Mt. Holyoke]
Okuma: Fifty Years of New Japan, 1907-08, excerpts
WEB Taisei Corporation History of 120 Years [At Tasei]A Japanese company's illustrated online history of itself.
Natsume Soseki (1867-1916): Kokoro, translation by Edwin McClellan. [At Eldritch]
Lafcadio Hearn (1850-1904): Writings on Japan [At Eldritch]
Kume Kunitake: Records of My Visits to America and Europe, 1871-1873
Sir Edwin Arnold: A Japanese Dinner Party, 1890
Alice M. Bacon: How Japanese Ladies Go Shopping, 1890
The Greater East Asia Prosperity Zone
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism December 27, 1935 [At Marx.org]
The Nanking Massacre, The New York Times, December 18, 1937
World War II
Pearl Harbour Attack Documents, 1941
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day Which Will Live in Infamy Speech [At Oklahoma]
US Declaration of War on Japan Dec. 8, 1941 [At U Oklahoma]
Japanese Surrender Documents of World War II Sept. 12, 1945 [At U Oklahoma]
Use of Atomic Bomb
WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Hiroshima [At Mt. Holyoke]
WEB Hiroshima Links
WEB Enola Gay Perspectives
WEB Documents on the Decision to Drop the Bomb [At Truman Archives]
WEB Hiroshima: Was It Necessary Links to primary documents and modern discussions.
WEB Nagasaki Journey: The Photographs of Yosuke Yamahata [At UCR]
Albert Einstein: Letter to Roosevelt, Aug 2, 1939 [At Enola Gay]
Carl Maag and Steve Rohrer: U.S. Project Trinity Report [At Project Gutenberg] [Full Text]
Hiroshima Survivor's Accounts,[At OBI]
China's Disaster: 1840-1949
General
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, (New York: Random House, 1987), pp. 3-30 [extended excerpts are online]
The Hai-lu, a Chinese traveler's account of the West in the 18th century.
One China, The Atlantic Monthly, March 1996 [At The Atlantic]Coverage by the magazine of China in the 20th century.
Rejection of the West
The Reception of the First English Ambassador to China, 1792
Qian Long Ch'ien-lung: Letter to George III or here, 1793
Image: People: Qian Long
Commissioner Lin Cixu [Lin Tse-hsu]: Letter to Queen Victoria 1839 or Shorter Version [At calyx]
Commissioner Lin Cixu [Lin Tse-hsu]: Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839 [Another version]
The People of Canton: Against the English, 1842
Government Efforts to Reform
Emperor Kuang Hsu: Attempted Reforms, 1898 [At this Site]
Emperor Kuang Hsu: Abolition of the Examination System, 1898 [At this Site]
Isaac Taylor Headland, 1859-1942: Court life in China: the capital, its officials and people, (New York, F.H. Revell, c1909), full text [At this Site]Contemporary discussion of reform efforts in late imperial China, with a significant discussion of the lives of elite women.
Image: People: Cixi Tse hsi The Dowger Empress
Image: People: Cixi Tse hsi The Dowger Empress
Image: People: Henry Pu Yi as a child - the "Last Emperor" of China [so far]
Religion and Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864
Fei Ch'i-hao: The Boxer Rebellion, 1900 A long account of anti-Missionary atrocities by a Chinese Christian.
Yao Chen-Yuan: My Adventures During the Boxer War, 1900
Pierre Loti: When the Allies Entered Peking, 1900 In response to the Boxer Rebellion
John W. Foster: The Chinese Boycott, from The Atlantic Monthly, January 1906 [At this Site]
Modernization: The May 4th Movement
Yan Phou Lee: When I Went to School in China, 1880A late Confucian education - and what was attacked by the May 4th Movement.
Luxun Two Selections from His Writing
Luxun Lu Hsun (1881-1936): Selected Stories of Lu Hsun, Translated byYang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, full text of 20 stories. [At Eldritch Press]A leading May 4th Movement writer.
Image: People: The writer Lu Xun
Nationalism
Zou Rong (1885-1911): The Revolutionary Army, 1905 [At Sharib]A radical Anti-Manchu tract, published in Shanghai.
Paul S. Reinsch: A Parliament for China, The Atlantic Monthly, December, 1909 [At The Atlantic]
Proclamation of The Abdication of the Manchus, 1912
Ching Chun Wang: A Plea for the Recognition of the Chinese Republic, The Atlantic Monthly, January 1913 [At The Atlantic]
Sun Yat-sen: Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, 1923 CE
Image: People: Sun Yat Sen
Image: People: Chiang Kai-shek
Early Communism
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Complete Works [At Maoism.org]
. Www.maoism.org has the entire text of Mao's selected works (all 5 volumes) as well as some unofficial later volumes compiled by Indian Maoists.
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, March 1927
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): The People's Democratic Dictatorship
Image: Chaiman Mao
WEB Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Writings [Mao Tse-tung Archive/Marx.org]
1926 Mar: Analysis of the classes in Chinese society
1927 Mar: Report of an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan
1928 Oct: Why is it that Red Political Power Can Exist in China?
1929 Dec: On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party
1933 Aug: Pay Attention to Economic Work
1933 Oct: How to Differentiate the Classes in the Rural Areas
1934 Jan: Our Economic Policy
1934 Jan: Be Concerned with the Well-Being of the Masses, Pay Attention to Methods of Work
1935 Dec: On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism
1936 Dec: Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War
1936 Dec: A Statement on Chiang Kai-shek's Statement
1937 May: The Tasks of the Chinese Communist Party in the Period of Resistance to Japan
1937 May: Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Front
1937 Jul: On Practice
1937 Aug: On Contradiction
1938 May: On Protracted War
1940 Jan: On New Democracy
The Chinese in America
California: Anti-Coolie Act, 1862 [At Drug Library]"An Act to protect free White labor against competition with Chinese collie labor, and to discourse the immigration of the Chinese into the state of California, April 26, 1862"
San Francisco Chinatown Opium Den – 1870's [Image][At Drug Library]
Chinese Miners in the Gold Fields - 1860 [Image][At Drug Library]
Chinatown Declared a Nuisance! [At Drug Library]This is the full text of a sixteen-page pamphlet, "Chinatown Declared a Nuisance!"; distributed by the Workingmen's Committee of California, it called for the abatement of Chinatown as a health menace.
Albert S. Evans: A Cruise on the Barbary Coast, Chapter 12 of A la California. Sketch of Life in the Golden State, c, 1871.
China Since World War II
General
Recent American Press Worries about Chinese Power
Image: Flag: People's Republic of China
Image: Flag: Republic of China/Taiwan
WEB Inside China Today Current events in China.
Peoples Republic of China: Constitution [At Wuerzburg]
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China 1982, with amendments of 1988 and 1993. [At Inside China Today]
People's Republic of China: Constitution, 1982
The Liberation
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): In Commemoration of the 28th Anniversary of the Communist Party of China, June 30, 1949, excerpts
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Quotations of Chairman Mao [At WSU]
Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Quotations of Chairman Mao, full text. [At Artbin]
American Views on the Situation In China, 1947 Statement by General Marshall, January 7, 1947
Statement of the Central Committee of The Chinese Communist Party, February 1, 1947
Dean Acheson: United States Position on China, August 1949 An acute critique of Nationalist/Koumintang failures.
The Common Program of The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 1949
The 1950s
Lu Ting-yi: Let Flowers of Many Kinds Blossom, Diverse Schools of Thought Contend!, 1956
The Cultural Revolution
East-Bloc Documents on the Sino-Indian Conflicts, 1959 & 1962 [At GWU]
China Gets the Bomb, 1964
Defense Minister Lin Piao: The Nature of People's War, Statement of September 3, 1965 A standard Maoist view.
Editorial of the Liberation Army Daily (Jiefangjun Bao): Mao Tse-Tung's Thought is the Telescope and Microscope of Our Revolutionary Cause, June 7, 1966
Chinese Foreign Relations
John K. Fairbank: China: Time for a Policy, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1957 [At The Atlantic]Evaluation of US policy options toward newly Communist mainland China.
Chinese Communist Party: The Leaders of the CPSU are the Greatest Splitters of Our Times, February 4, 1964
The Romanian Workers' Party: Statement on the Sino-Soviet Dispute, April 22, 1964
Pravda: Editorial: The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China, February 16,1967
James C. Thomson Jr.: Dragon Under Glass: Time for a New China Policy, The Atlantic Monthly, October 1967 [At The Atlantic]Argued that the time had come for the United States to reconcile itself with Communist China.
The Four Modernizations
2ND Sun Y Y., The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976-1992, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
Image: People: Deng Xiaoping
Orville Schell: Once Again, Long Live Chairman Mao, The Atlantic Monthly, December, 1992 [At The Atlantic]On the commodifiction of Mao.
Xiao-huang Yin: China's Gilded Age, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1994, [At The Atlantic]The changes in China's society wrought by Deng's drive toward a free-market economy
Hong Kong
Atlantic Report: Hong Kong, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1957 [At The Atlantic]Hong Kong still in the early stages of its emergence as an economic powerhouse.
Maynard Parker: Report on Hong Kong, The Atlantic Monthly, November 1967 [At The Atlantic]Hong Kong in the face of Mao's Cultural Revolution.
Cait Murphy: A Culture of Emigration, The Atlantic Monthly, April, 1991 [At The Atlantic]The growing unease among Chinese Hong Kong citizens about the impending Chinese rule.
Hong Kong Constitution, 1990 [At Wuerzburg]
Taiwan [Republic of China]
Taiwan (Republic of China) Constitution, 1994 [At Wuerzburg]
Dissidents
Chinese Declaration of Human Rights, 1979 [At Wuerzburg]
Orville Schell: China's Andrei Sakharov,The Atlantic Monthly, May1988 [At The Atlantic]Profile of Fang Lizhi
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Documents on the Gate of Heavenly Peace [all on the PBS Tiananmen web site]
Review with Background Information from Newsweek Inc. 1995
Interview with Directors The GATE OF HEAVENLY PEACE Press Conference October 12, 1995, excepts by Henri Behar
Tiananmen Square Interpretations - The official Government View "The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil", Edited by the Editorial Board of The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil
Criticism Chinese Government and Attempts to Stop the Film Letter to the Director of the Washington DC International Film Festival from the Press Counsel of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China, and a letter written in response
Criticism by Western Writers and Response [and Re-Response] The New York Review of Books (May 9, 1996)
Criticism by Student Leaders Article by Ye Ren, from The 90s, July August 1995
The Modern Democracy Movement in Exile and Gate of Heavenly Peace Excerpt from "Totalitarian Nostalgia" in Geremie Barm・s In The Red: Contemporary Chinese Culture, New York: Columbia University Press, forthcoming 1997.
China, Post-1989 Intellectuals and Foreigners "To Screw Foreigners in Patriotic: China's Avant -Garde Nationalist" from Geremie R. Barm・ From The China Journal, No. 34, July 1995.
Chronology of Tiananmen Square Events
WEB Audio and Video Clips [only try if you have a very fast net connection]
WEB More Online Reading on Gate of Heavenly Peace
Image: Hist. Illus.: The Goddess of Democracy, Tienanmen Square
Image: Hist. Illus.: The Goddess of Democracy, Tienanmen Square
Image: Hist. Illus.: Tienanmen Square: Student Stops Tanks
After Tiananmen
text
Japan Since World War II
General
Japan: Constitution, 1946
Constitution of Japan, November 3, 1946 [At this Site]
Japan: Constitution, 1946 [At Solon Law Archive]
Japan: Constitution, 1994 [At Wuerzburg] l
WEB Japan [At Mt. Holyoke]
WEB Asahi Shimbun [At Ashai]Japan's leading newspaper's English language website.
American Occupation
International Military Tribunal for the Far East [At Yale]
Economic Growth
WEB Documents Relating to Global Economic Issues [At Mt. Holyoke]
WEB Globalization [At Mt. Holyoke]
WEB Trade [At Mt. Holyoke]
WEB Multinational Corporations [At Mt. Holyoke]
Akio Morita and Shintaro Ishihara: The Japan that Can Say No [At WII Hist]
Culture
WEB Japanese Aesthetics [At Baylor]
Tanaka Kotaro: In Search of Truth and Peace, excerpts, 1952
Korea Since World War II
General
South Korea Constitution, 1997 [At Wuerzburg]
The Korean War
WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--the Cold War [At Mt. Holyoke]
2ND Korean War FAQ [At Century China]
Andrei A. Gromyko: On American Intervention In Korea, 1950
Report of The United Nations Commission on Korea, 1950
Economic Growth
Culture
Other East Asian Countries
General
Cambodia Constitution, 1993 [At Wuerzburg]
Tibet Constitution 1991 [At Wuerzburg]This is the constitution of the "government in exile".
Mongolia Constitution, 1992 [At Wuerzburg]
Nepal Constitution, 1990 [At Wuerzburg]
Singapore Constitution, 1995 [At Wuerzburg]
The Manila Accord, 1963 Between Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines,
The Non-Aligned Movement
President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at The Opening of The Bandung Conference, April 18 1955
Prime Minister Nehru of India: Speech to Bandung Conference Political Committee, 1955
Anwar el Sadat: Afro-Asian Solidarity and the World Mission of the Peoples of Africa and Asia, 1957
Addendum: The Vietnam War
WEB Vietnam War Documents and Links
WEB Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy--Vietnam [At Mt. Holyoke]
Ho Chi Minh (1890-1968): Program for Communist of Indochina, 1930, excerpts
Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945
The Manifesto of The Laodong Party, February1951
The Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954
President Eisenhower: Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954 Beginning US "humanitarian" aid.
Viet Cong Program, 1962
Charles de Gaulle: France's Attitude Toward US Policy in Vietnam, 1964
The Tonkin Bay Resolution, 1964
Tonkin Gulf Incident, 1964 [At Yale]
U.S. State Department: Aggression from the North, February 27, 1965
US State Department: North Vietnamese Aggression, 1965
Senator Fulbright: Appraisal of US Policy in the Dominican Crisis, September 15, 1965 A wide-ranging critique of US foreign policy.
President Lyndon Johnson and Ho Chi Minh: Letter Exchange, 1967
John Kerry, for Vietnam Veterans Against the War: Statement to the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, 1971
Addendum: Asian-Pacific Immigrants in the US
John W. Foster: The Chinese Boycot, The Atlantic Monthly, January 1906 [At The Atlantic]Criticizes America's discrimination against Chinese immigrants in America as racist. This behavior incited a Chinese boycott of American trade.
Lowell Weiss: Timing is Everything, The Atlantic Monthly, January1994 [At The Atlantic]The fate of two groups of Vietnamese immigrants in America.
Roy Beck: The Ordeal of Immigration in Wausau, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1994 [At The Atlantic]Effects of Southeast Asian refugees in Wausau.
East Asian Genders and Sexualities
Women: China
Ban Zhao Pan Chao: Lessons for A Woman: The Views of A Female Confucian, c. 80 CE
Ben Zhao Pan Chao (45-115? CE) : The Problem of Woman [At CCNY]
Fu Xuan: Poem on Woman c. 3rd, Century CE
Marco Polo: On Chinese Women 13th century [At CCNY]
Chinese Footbinding [At CCNY]
The Tale of Mulan, the Maiden Chief, c. 502-556 CE
2ND Marie Vento: One Thousand Years of Chinese Footbinding: Its Origins, Popularity and Demise
Image: Custom: Picture of Woman With Feet Unbound
Image: Custom: Picture of Unbound Feet Close UpImage: Custom: A bound foot - closeup
Image: Custom: Woman with bound feet
Women in China: History and the Present
Tom Hilditch: A Holocaust of Girls, from the South China Morning Post
Women in Asia: Press Reports
NY Times Report on Recent UN Women's Conference
Modern Marriage in China - Two Texts
Women: Japan
Sarashina: The Diary of Lady Sarashina, 1009-1059 CE [At Hanover College]
Kaibara Ekken or Kaibara Token: Greater Learning for Women, 1762 [At WSU]
Diaries of the Court Lades of Old Japan, trans. Annie Sheply Omori and Kochi Doi, full text, [At CMU]
Homosexuality
WEB People With a History: Online Guide to LGBT* History or here
The Homosexual Tradition in China: Selections from Chinese Homosexual Literature
Four Recent Press Reports on Gay Life in China
Manifesto of First Chinese Tongzhi Conference, 1996 [At HKGAY] Tongzhi is being used in Chinese for Gay. This manifesto directly asserts a historical basis for modern Chinese homosexuals and the differences of Chinese Tongzhi movements with western gay movements.
Mary M. Anderson, Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China , (Buffalo NY: Prometheus, 1990), 15-18, 307-11
Image: Custom: A young eunuch exposes effects of castration
Further Resources on East Asian History
E-Texts
MEGA WWW Virtual Library: Asian Studies
WEB Vienna E-Text Archives
Web Guides: East Asia
MEGA Asian News Sources Online [At Internet Press]An extensive guide to Asian newspapers, radio stations, etc. online.
Web Guides: China
MEGA YAHOO!: Chinese History
MEGA Mandarin Chinese Online
Web Sites: Chinese History
WEB Internet Chinese Bible
WEB Online Chinese and English Bible
Web Guides: Japan
MEGA YAHOO!: Japanese History
MEGA Japan via the Web [At UCLA]
MEGA Classical Japanese Literature Websites [At Virginia]
Web Sites: Japanese History
Ancient Japan [At WSU]A spectacular online text by Richard Hooker. Also contains a very useful links page.
Japanese Text Initiative [At Virginia]
Web Guides: Korea
MEGA YAHOO!: Korean History
Web Sites: Korean History
Academic History/Culture Sites
Paul Halsall: Chinese Culture Course [Brooklyn College]
Other Resources
Map: Asia
Map: East Asia
Line Map: East Asia
Map: China - Physical Features
Map: China - Political Map
Map: China - Agricultural Regions
Map: Modern China from the Ecyclopedia Britannica
Map: China
Map: China - Modern Population Density
Map: The Four Great Old World River Valley Civilizations
General Reference Documents
Chronology of Chinese Historythree separate chronologies based on 1. dynasties, 2. governmental forms, 3. economic life.
Extended Annotated Bibliography of Chinese Studies,
Bibliography in plaintext form,
Basic Facts about Modern China Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
Chinese Dynastic History Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
Chinese Religions Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
Chinese Literature Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
Chinese Arts Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
Chinese Ethnic Groups Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995)
ｩ This text is copyright. The specific electronic form, and any notes and questions are copyright. Permission is granted to copy the text, and to print out copies for personal and educational use. No permission is granted for commercial use.
If any copyright has been infringed, this was unintentional. The possibility of a site such as this, as with other collections of electronic texts, depends on the large availability of public domain material from texts translated before 1923. [In the US, all texts issued before 1923 are now in the public domain. Texts published before 1964 may be in the public domain if copyright was not renewed after 28 years. This site seeks to abide by US copyright law: the copyright status of texts here outside the US may be different.] Efforts have been made to ascertain the copyright status of all texts here, although, occasionally, this has not been possible where older or non-US publishers seem to have ceased existence. Some of the recently translated texts here are copyright to the translators indicated in each document. These translators have in every case given permission for non-commercial reproduction. No representation is made about the copyright status of texts linked off-site. This site is intended for educational use. Notification of copyright infringement will result in the immediate removal of a text until its status is resolved.

ｩ Paul Halsall, July1998. Last Updated February 25, 2001.mailto:halsall@fordham.edu?subject=East

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

BACK TO
Uwe's Archive Pages